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Narrator: AROUND THE WORLD,
THE RACE TO WIN WARS
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00:00:03,770 --> 00:00:06,505
AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE
HAS CREATED SOME OF THE MOST
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INCREDIBLE PRODUCTS
EVER DESIGNED.
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AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,
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UNAWARE OF THEIR
AMAZING ORIGINS.
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ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS,"
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THE GLIDER, AN AIRCRAFT
WITH A BATTLEFIELD PEDIGREE,
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00:00:25,059 --> 00:00:27,926
SUPER GLUE, HOW THE QUEST
FOR BETTER GUN SIGHTS
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LEADS TO THE PERFECT
DOMESTIC ADHESIVE.
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THE AGA OVEN,
THE LUXURIOUS STOVE
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WITH A WORLD WAR II
SPY CONNECTION.
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WE REVEAL THE AMAZING HISTORY
AND ENGINEERING SCIENCE
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BEHIND THESE
INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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FLYING SILENTLY THROUGH THE AIR,
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THE MODERN GLIDER
IS A TRANQUIL WAY
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TO ENJOY THE EXPERIENCE
OF FLIGHT.
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BUT DID YOU KNOW THE GLIDER
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PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE
DURING WORLD WAR II?
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FOR CENTURIES,
MAN LOOKS TO THE SKIES
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AND DREAMS OF FLYING
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BUT HAS NO IDEA HOW.
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VARIOUS STRANGE
AND WACKY CONTRAPTIONS
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ARE CREATED WITH LITTLE SUCCESS.
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♪♪
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EVEN GREAT MINDS
SUCH AS LEONARDO DA VINCI
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ATTEMPTED TO DESIGN
A FLYING MACHINE
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WITHOUT SUCCESS.
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TECHNICALLY, A GLIDER DOES
TO REQUIRE AN ENGINE TO FLY.
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IT'S SUPPORTED IN FLIGHT
BY THE REACTION OF AIR
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AGAINST ITS LIFTING SURFACES.
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THE FIRST GLIDERS
TO CARRY PEOPLE
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ARE DESIGNED
BY SIR GEORGE CAYLEY
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BETWEEN THE END OF THE 18th
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AND BEGINNING
OF THE 19th CENTURIES.
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ALTHOUGH THEY ONLY MANAGE
A FEW BRIEF HOPS IN THE AIR,
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THEY CERTAINLY PAVE THE WAY
FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT.
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OTTO LILIENTHAL
IS THE FIRST PERSON
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TO MAKE REPEATED
SUCCESSFUL GLIDING FLIGHTS
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AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY
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AND CONVINCES THE PUBLIC
THAT FLYING MACHINES
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MAY ONE DAY BECOME A REALITY.
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THEN IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY
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COMES THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL
HIGH-ALTITUDE GLIDER FLIGHT
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BY DANIEL MALONEY
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FOLLOWED BY THE WORK
OF THE FAMOUS WRIGHT BROTHERS.
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BY THE 1930s, GLIDERS
THAT RESEMBLE THE ONES
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WE KNOW TODAY
ARE USED FOR SPORT.
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HOWEVER, THEY ALSO HAVE
A BIG ROLE TO PLAY
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DURING WORLD WAR II.
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THE NAZIS TRAINING PILOTS
FOR THE LUFTWAFFE,
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FORBIDDEN TO HAVE THE AIRCRAFT
BY THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES,
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USED GLIDERS
TO TRAIN THEIR PILOTS.
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THEN COME 1940,
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THE GERMANS
WERE TOWING THEIR GLIDERS
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BEHIND THEIR TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT.
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THEY HAD 10 MEN.
AND THEY USED THESE GLIDERS
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TO ATTACK EBEN-EMAEL,
THE GREAT FORTRESS,
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AS THE BLITZKRIEG
ROLLED THROUGH BELGIUM.
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AND THEY WERE VERY SUCCESSFUL.
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Narrator: THE ALLIES ALSO FIND
AN IMPORTANT USE FOR GLIDERS
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BY CARRYING HEAVY EQUIPMENT
AND TROOPS TO THEIR TARGETS
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00:03:02,816 --> 00:03:04,950
WHILE LANDING QUIETLY.
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♪♪
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ALTHOUGH NO LONGER USED
BY THE MILITARY TODAY,
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THIS VERSATILE AIRCRAFT
STILL TAKES ON MANY FORMS
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FROM HANG GLIDERS TO SAILPLANES
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AND IS FLOWN BY THOUSANDS
OF ENTHUSIASTS EVERYWHERE.
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PIPISTREL, A SLOVENIAN-BASED
LIGHT-AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER
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THAT HAS BEEN PRODUCING GLIDERS
SINCE THE 1980s.
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THE PRODUCTION OF A GLIDER
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BEGINS WITH RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT.
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FIRST, 3-D MODELS
OF THE AIRCRAFT ARE CREATED.
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THIS ALLOWS THE R&D TEAM
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TO RUN SIMULATIONS
ON THE PLANES.
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TESTS INCLUDE VIRTUAL
WIND TUNNELS,
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WHICH SHOW HOW AERODYNAMICALLY
EFFECTIVE THE GLIDER WILL BE.
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THE SHAPE DEVELOPED
IN THE R&D STAGE
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IS PROGRAMMED INTO
AN EIGHT-AXIS CNC CUTTER.
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SOFT MATERIALS,
SUCH AS POLYSTYRENE
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00:04:01,408 --> 00:04:03,075
OR WOOD, ARE THEN CUT.
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00:04:03,077 --> 00:04:06,812
THESE SHAPES CAN BE
EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE.
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00:04:06,814 --> 00:04:08,480
AN POSITIVE SHAPE
CAN BE DIRECTLY USED
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00:04:08,482 --> 00:04:10,415
TO FORM THE SHAPE
OF THE AIRCRAFT.
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00:04:10,417 --> 00:04:13,352
AND A NEGATIVE SHAPE
IS USED AS A MOLD.
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00:04:13,354 --> 00:04:14,553
THESE MOLDS AND SHAPES
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ARE THEN TURNED
INTO REAL-LIFE AIRPLANES
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00:04:16,890 --> 00:04:18,890
USING MANY COMPOSITE MATERIALS
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SUCH AS FIBERGLASS
FOR THE WINGS
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AND CARBON FIBER
FOR THE FUSELAGE.
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THE FUSELAGE IS ALSO REINFORCED
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00:04:24,498 --> 00:04:26,898
WITH KEVLAR THAT PROTECTS
THE GLIDER'S PASSENGERS
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00:04:26,900 --> 00:04:28,700
BY PREVENTING THE CARBON
FROM SHATTERING
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00:04:28,702 --> 00:04:31,970
IN THE EVENT OF AN ACCIDENT.
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THE SANDING, PAINTING,
AND SHAPING
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OF THE MOLD IS ALL DONE
IN A VACUUM VENTILATION CHAMBER.
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THE TECHNICIANS THEN APPLY
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UP TO 30 LAYERS OF FIBER
INTO THE MOLD
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OR ONTO THE SHAPE
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AND LAMINATE THIS
WITH EPOXY RESIN.
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS,
SUCH AS CARBON FIBER,
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ARE CREATED BY WEAVING CARBON
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OR GLASS FIBERS INTO A MAT
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THAT CAN BE EASILY
MOLDED OR SHAPED.
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WHEN THE EPOXY RESIN IS APPLIED,
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THEY TURN INTO HARD
AND STRONG REINFORCED MATERIALS
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00:05:05,673 --> 00:05:07,873
WITH AN AMAZING
WEIGHT-TO-STRENGTH RATIO,
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MAKING THEM IDEAL
FOR AIRCRAFT SUCH AS GLIDERS.
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EVERY AIRCRAFT CONSISTS
OF AROUND 5,000 DIFFERENT PARTS
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FROM OVER 400 SUPPLIERS.
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INSPECTIONS ARE VITAL.
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ALL PARTS ARE CHECKED ON ARRIVAL
AND RECEIVE A BAR CODE.
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THESE BAR CODES
ARE UNIQUE TO EACH PART
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AND EVEN CONTAIN
IMPORTANT INFORMATION,
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SUCH AS THE WEIGHT.
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DURING THE FINAL ASSEMBLY,
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ALL THE SYSTEM AND SUBSYSTEMS
OF THE AIRCRAFT
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ARE ASSEMBLED AND FITTED.
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THESE RANGE FROM PEDALS
TO THE PARACHUTE
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RESCUE SYSTEM,
AS WELL AS THE ENGINE,
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IN THE CASE OF
SELF-PROPELLED GLIDERS.
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USING THE BAR CODES,
A CENTRAL COMPUTER
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TOTALS UP THE WEIGHT
ADDED BY EACH PART,
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ENSURING THE GLIDER WON'T BE
OVER THE MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT
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OF 945 POUNDS.
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EVERY GLIDER IS CUSTOM ORDERED.
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SO THE EXACT COMPONENTS USED
DIFFER ON EACH.
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THEY CAN RANGE
FROM A FEW BASIC INSTRUMENTS,
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SUCH AS HEIGHT
AND SPEED INDICATORS,
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TO MUCH MORE
SOPHISTICATED EQUIPMENT.
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THE CUSTOMER CAN ALSO SPECIFY
THE LOCATION OF EACH INSTRUMENT.
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SO THE WORKERS DRILL HOLES
TO FIT THESE.
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AT THE END OF THE ASSEMBLY,
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ALL THE AIRCRAFT
ARE GIVEN A FINAL GROUND CHECK.
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WHALES AND TALE SURFACES
ARE FITTED TO THE FUSELAGE
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AND ALIGNED
WITH LASER MEASUREMENTS.
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THE GLIDER'S WEIGHT IS COMPARED
TO THE TOTAL WEIGHT COMPUTED
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FROM THE DIFFERENT BAR CODES.
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IF THIS WEIGHT IS ACCURATE,
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THE GLIDER CAN THEN BE TESTED.
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EACH AIRCRAFT IS FLOWN
FOR AT LEAST 5 HOURS
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BY A HIGHLY TRAINED TEST PILOT.
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THESE PILOTS WILL PERFORM
A WIDE RANGE OF TESTS
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TO ENSURE ALL SYSTEMS
ARE WORKING CORRECTLY.
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THE AIRCRAFT IS THEN
SERVICED AGAIN
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IN ORDER TO RETURN
TO ITS ZERO-HOUR CONDITION.
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WHEN THIS IS COMPLETE,
THE GLIDER IS READY
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TO BE SENT OFF TO THE SKIES.
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THE GLIDER, TRULY
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.
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A SMASHED VASE OR BROKEN TOY?
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CHANCES ARE YOU'LL
NEED SUPER GLUE.
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THE STORY OF THIS INCREDIBLE
INVENTION AFTER THE BREAK.
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Narrator: THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE
THAT AT SOME POINT IN YOUR LIFE,
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YOU'VE NEEDED TO USE SUPER GLUE.
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IT'S AN ESPECIALLY HANDY
ADHESIVE TO USE
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ON A NUMBER OF BROKEN OBJECTS.
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WHILE SUPER GLUE,
ALSO KNOWN AS CYANOACRYLATE,
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IS A COMMON
HOUSEHOLD ITEM TODAY,
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HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED
HOW IT WAS DEVELOPED?
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AND DID YOU KNOW THAT IT HAS
A WORLD WAR II CONNECTION?
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♪♪
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ADHESIVES HAVE BEEN MADE
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FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS
FROM BIRCH TAR.
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BUT WHAT ABOUT THE SUPER
STICKY GLUE WE KNOW TODAY?
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LIKE SO MANY GREAT INVENTIONS,
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IT'S DISCOVERED BY ACCIDENT.
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IN 1942, THE SCIENTIST
HARRY COOVER JR.
169
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RESEARCHES MATERIALS TO MAKE
A CLEAR PLASTIC GUN SCOPE.
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IN THE PROCESS, HIS RESEARCH
GROUP DISCOVERS A FORMULA
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FOR A VERY CLEAR SUBSTANCE
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00:08:32,746 --> 00:08:35,547
THAT WOULD STICK TO ANYTHING
AND EVERYTHING.
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ALTHOUGH IT CAN'T BE USED
FOR THE SCOPE,
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00:08:37,417 --> 00:08:41,553
COOVER NEVER FORGETS
ABOUT HIS NEW ADHESIVE.
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00:08:41,555 --> 00:08:43,288
BECAUSE IT WASN'T
WHAT HE WAS LOOKING FOR,
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HE LEFT IT TO THE SIDE
AND DIDN'T DO ANYTHING
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00:08:45,292 --> 00:08:47,224
UNTIL ABOUT 1951
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WHEN KODAK,
OF THE KODAK CAMERA FAME,
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00:08:50,697 --> 00:08:52,097
REDISCOVERED IT AND REALIZED
180
00:08:52,099 --> 00:08:55,232
IT COULD ACTUALLY HAVE
A POTENTIAL USE AS A GLUE.
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00:08:55,234 --> 00:08:58,303
IN 1951, EASTMAN KODAK TOOK
A LOOK AGAIN AT THIS PRODUCT
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00:08:58,305 --> 00:09:01,039
THAT THEY HAD MADE
AND DECIDED THAT THIS PRODUCT,
183
00:09:01,041 --> 00:09:02,440
WHICH STUCK TO EVERYTHING ELSE,
184
00:09:02,442 --> 00:09:05,844
COULD BE COMMERCIALIZED
INTO A GLUE FOR COMMERCIAL USE
185
00:09:05,846 --> 00:09:09,381
WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD
AND POTENTIALLY OTHER USES.
186
00:09:09,383 --> 00:09:11,449
Narrator: THE PRODUCT
THAT STICKS TO EVERYTHING
187
00:09:11,451 --> 00:09:14,919
FINALLY GETS TO MARKET IN 1958.
188
00:09:14,921 --> 00:09:16,320
NOW, LET'S HAVE A CLOSER LOOK
189
00:09:16,322 --> 00:09:19,257
AT THIS GAME-CHANGING ADHESIVE'S
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
190
00:09:19,259 --> 00:09:21,392
CYANOACRYLATE
CONSISTS OF MONOMERS
191
00:09:21,394 --> 00:09:23,595
OF CYANOACRYLATE MOLECULES.
192
00:09:23,597 --> 00:09:24,996
IT IS AN ACRYLIC RESIN
193
00:09:24,998 --> 00:09:27,398
THAT POLYMERIZES
IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER,
194
00:09:27,400 --> 00:09:30,335
FORMING LONG CHAINS
THAT BOND SURFACES TOGETHER.
195
00:09:30,337 --> 00:09:32,136
BECAUSE OF ITS REACTION
TO MOISTURE,
196
00:09:32,138 --> 00:09:35,073
IT TURNS INTO PLASTIC
IN JUST A FEW SECONDS.
197
00:09:35,075 --> 00:09:37,008
THAT REACTION IS
WHAT MAKES THE SUPER GLUE
198
00:09:37,010 --> 00:09:38,410
MUCH MORE FAST-ACTING
199
00:09:38,412 --> 00:09:39,810
AND STRONGER THAN OTHERS.
200
00:09:39,812 --> 00:09:42,547
SUPER GLUE WORKS AND DOESN'T
STICK TO ITSELF IN THE BOTTLE
201
00:09:42,549 --> 00:09:44,149
BECAUSE IT'S ACTUALLY A REACTION
202
00:09:44,151 --> 00:09:47,619
WITH THE CYANOACRYLATE
AND WATER.
203
00:09:47,621 --> 00:09:49,887
AND THIS REACTION
REQUIRES WATER TO WORK.
204
00:09:49,889 --> 00:09:52,690
IF YOU KEEP IT IN A BOTTLE THAT
HAS NO WATER, IT WON'T WORK.
205
00:09:52,692 --> 00:09:55,026
IT'LL STILL SIT AS A LIQUID.
206
00:09:55,028 --> 00:09:58,095
THIS IS WHY IF YOU
TAKE SUPER GLUE,
207
00:09:58,097 --> 00:09:59,364
PUT IT ON PLASTIC BAGS,
208
00:09:59,366 --> 00:10:02,033
SOME OF THE OLDER-STYLE ONES,
AND STICK THEM TOGETHER,
209
00:10:02,035 --> 00:10:04,035
YOU CAN PULL THEM APART
AFTER A FEW MINUTES
210
00:10:04,037 --> 00:10:06,971
BECAUSE THERE'S NO WATER
ON THE SURFACE.
211
00:10:06,973 --> 00:10:10,575
Narrator: BUT DID YOU KNOW THAT
SUPER GLUE HAS ALSO SAVED LIVES?
212
00:10:10,577 --> 00:10:12,710
IT'S TRUE.
DURING THE VIETNAM WAR,
213
00:10:12,712 --> 00:10:14,979
SOLDIERS USED IT
AS A QUICK-FIX SOLUTION
214
00:10:14,981 --> 00:10:16,981
FOR TENDING BATTLE WOUNDS.
215
00:10:16,983 --> 00:10:18,516
Gazard:
THE ARMY USED SUPER GLUE
216
00:10:18,518 --> 00:10:21,653
TO STICK WOUNDS TOGETHER
IN THE VIETNAM WAR.
217
00:10:21,655 --> 00:10:23,521
IT'S NOT ADVISABLE TO DO THIS.
218
00:10:23,523 --> 00:10:26,458
IT WAS USED AS A STOPGAP
BECAUSE IN THE VIETNAM WAR,
219
00:10:26,460 --> 00:10:28,926
IF YOU WERE OUT IN THE MIDDLE
OF THE JUNGLE AND WERE SHOT,
220
00:10:28,928 --> 00:10:30,661
THE MOST COMMON REASON
221
00:10:30,663 --> 00:10:32,797
FOR YOU TO DIE
WAS BECAUSE YOU BLED OUT.
222
00:10:32,799 --> 00:10:34,933
IT WASN'T ACTUALLY
THE ACTUAL INJURY ITSELF.
223
00:10:34,935 --> 00:10:37,334
SO YOU NEEDED A MEANS
TO SORT OF CLOSE UP THE WOUND
224
00:10:37,336 --> 00:10:40,471
AND HOLD IT TOGETHER BEFORE
THE OPERATION COULD BE DONE
225
00:10:40,473 --> 00:10:43,208
WHEN YOU WERE TRANSPORTED
TO A BETTER MEDICAL CARE.
226
00:10:43,210 --> 00:10:45,543
DR. COOVER OF EASTMAN KODAK,
227
00:10:45,545 --> 00:10:48,012
HE WORKED OUT HOW TO APPLY IT
AS A SPRAY.
228
00:10:48,014 --> 00:10:49,613
AND SPECIALLY TRAINED
SURGICAL TEAMS
229
00:10:49,615 --> 00:10:52,350
WERE INVOLVED WITH USING THAT
230
00:10:52,352 --> 00:10:55,753
IN THE WAR TO SAVE LIVES.
231
00:10:55,755 --> 00:10:59,090
Narrator:
AND THAT'S NOT THE ONLY
INTERESTING SUPER GLUE STORY.
232
00:10:59,092 --> 00:11:01,292
THERE ARE SOME MISUSES
OF SUPER GLUE.
233
00:11:01,294 --> 00:11:02,827
IF YOU REMEMBER
THAT SUPER GLUE'S
234
00:11:02,829 --> 00:11:04,362
ACTUALLY VERY QUICK
TO FORM THE BOND,
235
00:11:04,364 --> 00:11:06,097
SO YOU WANT IT TO GLUE FAST --
236
00:11:06,099 --> 00:11:08,433
THERE WAS A CASINO GAMBLER
WHO WENT INTO THE TOILETS,
237
00:11:08,435 --> 00:11:10,035
SAT DOWN TO DO HIS BUSINESS,
238
00:11:10,037 --> 00:11:11,770
AND FOUND THAT HE WAS
STUCK TO THE SEAT
239
00:11:11,772 --> 00:11:13,972
BECAUSE SOMEONE HAD PUT
SUPER GLUE ON THE SEAT.
240
00:11:13,974 --> 00:11:16,507
AND WHEN HE SAT DOWN,
IT WASN'T VERY LONG,
241
00:11:16,509 --> 00:11:17,842
AND HE WAS STUCK TO THE SEAT.
242
00:11:17,844 --> 00:11:19,711
HE THEN HAD TO WANDER
OUT INTO THE CASINO
243
00:11:19,713 --> 00:11:21,846
WITH PART OF THE TOILET
ATTACHED TO HIM
244
00:11:21,848 --> 00:11:23,848
TO TRY TO GET SOME HELP.
245
00:11:23,850 --> 00:11:26,584
Narrator: MISHAPS ASIDE, WHEN
SUPER GLUE IS USED CORRECTLY,
246
00:11:26,586 --> 00:11:30,254
THERE REALLY AREN'T MANY
BETTER WAYS TO FIX THINGS FAST.
247
00:11:30,256 --> 00:11:32,190
VERY FEW ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERIES
248
00:11:32,192 --> 00:11:34,526
ARE SO SIMPLE YET SO VERSATILE.
249
00:11:34,528 --> 00:11:38,529
SUPER GLUE, THE INCREDIBLE
INVENTION THAT STICKS.
250
00:11:38,531 --> 00:11:40,131
STICK AROUND,
AND WE'LL SHOW YOU
251
00:11:40,133 --> 00:11:43,201
HOW SUPER GLUE CAN BE USED
IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME
252
00:11:43,203 --> 00:11:45,403
WHEN "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"
RETURNS.
253
00:12:00,019 --> 00:12:02,620
Narrator: SUPER GLUE MAY HAVE
AMAZING STICKING QUALITIES.
254
00:12:02,622 --> 00:12:05,890
BUT CAN IT HELP SOLVE CRIME?
WELL, MAYBE.
255
00:12:05,892 --> 00:12:07,225
THERE'S BEEN A BURGLARY.
256
00:12:07,227 --> 00:12:10,895
BUT THE THIEF
LEFT BEHIND SOME SUNGLASSES.
257
00:12:10,897 --> 00:12:12,430
WE CAN'T SEE ANY FINGERPRINTS.
258
00:12:12,432 --> 00:12:14,432
SO IT'S UP TO OUR
INTREPID DETECTIVE
259
00:12:14,434 --> 00:12:18,102
TO FIND THE THIEF'S PRINTS
USING A COFFEE PERCOLATOR
260
00:12:18,104 --> 00:12:20,304
AND THE POWER OF SUPER GLUE.
261
00:12:20,306 --> 00:12:22,506
IT'S CALLED FINGERPRINT FUMING.
262
00:12:22,508 --> 00:12:24,109
BUT HOW DOES IT ACTUALLY WORK?
263
00:12:24,111 --> 00:12:27,378
TO BEGIN, THE MATERIALS --
A COFFEE PERCOLATOR,
264
00:12:27,380 --> 00:12:28,847
A METAL TIN LID,
265
00:12:28,849 --> 00:12:32,783
A TUBE OF SUPER GLUE,
AND THE THIEF'S SUNGLASSES.
266
00:12:32,785 --> 00:12:35,653
PLEASE REMEMBER THAT YOU
SHOULDN'T REALLY DO THIS AT HOME
267
00:12:35,655 --> 00:12:39,057
AND THAT THE GLUE IS TOXIC
AND CAN EASILY STICK TO SKIN.
268
00:12:39,059 --> 00:12:44,128
♪♪
269
00:12:44,130 --> 00:12:45,530
WE TAKE THE TIN LID,
270
00:12:45,532 --> 00:12:47,999
PLACE A FEW DROPS OF SUPER GLUE
ONTO ITS SURFACE,
271
00:12:48,001 --> 00:12:51,669
AND CAREFULLY POP IT
INTO THE POT.
272
00:12:51,671 --> 00:12:54,205
WE THEN ADD THE PIECE
OF EVIDENCE TO THE POT --
273
00:12:54,207 --> 00:12:55,673
IN THIS CASE, THE SUNGLASSES --
274
00:12:55,675 --> 00:12:59,878
MAKING SURE IT DOESN'T
TOUCH THE GLUE.
275
00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:02,080
NOW, WE TURN ON
THE PERCOLATOR...
276
00:13:02,082 --> 00:13:04,349
♪♪
277
00:13:04,351 --> 00:13:07,018
...SIT BACK,
AND WAIT FOR THE RESULTS.
278
00:13:07,020 --> 00:13:08,686
YOU NEED TO BE PATIENT
AS THE PERCOLATOR
279
00:13:08,688 --> 00:13:12,223
GENTLY WARMS UP THE CONTENTS
OF THE COFFEE POT.
280
00:13:12,225 --> 00:13:14,358
WHILE WE WAIT,
LET'S EXPLAIN THE SCIENCE
281
00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:15,960
BEHIND FINGERPRINT FUMING.
282
00:13:15,962 --> 00:13:17,361
THE HEAT IN THE COFFEE POT
283
00:13:17,363 --> 00:13:21,032
WILL EVENTUALLY CAUSE THE DROPS
OF SUPER GLUE TO VAPORIZE.
284
00:13:21,034 --> 00:13:23,301
FINGERPRINTS ARE ACTUALLY
COMPOSED OF SWEAT,
285
00:13:23,303 --> 00:13:25,904
AMINO ACIDS,
FATTY ACIDS PROTEINS,
286
00:13:25,906 --> 00:13:27,638
POTASSIUM, AND SODIUM.
287
00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:30,775
AND THE GLUE IS HIGHLY
ATTRACTED TO THESE SUBSTANCES.
288
00:13:30,777 --> 00:13:32,310
SO ITS FUMES STICK TO THE PRINTS
289
00:13:32,312 --> 00:13:34,512
AND WILL REVEAL
THE TRACE OF THE PRINTS,
290
00:13:34,514 --> 00:13:36,915
OR SO WE HOPE.
291
00:13:36,917 --> 00:13:40,718
YOU CAN SEE THAT PROCESS
IN ACTION.
292
00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:42,187
AND THERE YOU GO.
293
00:13:42,189 --> 00:13:45,857
WE CAN NOW FIND OUT
WHO THE VILLAIN IS.
294
00:13:45,859 --> 00:13:49,327
SO LET'S GO GET HIM.
295
00:13:49,329 --> 00:13:50,862
EVERYBODY NEEDS TO COOK.
296
00:13:50,864 --> 00:13:54,599
BUT SOME ENJOY IT
MORE THAN OTHERS.
297
00:13:54,601 --> 00:13:55,933
WHICHEVER CAMP YOU'RE IN,
298
00:13:55,935 --> 00:13:58,469
LET'S AGREE
THAT IT CAN SOMETIMES BE,
299
00:13:58,471 --> 00:13:59,938
WELL, TRYING.
300
00:13:59,940 --> 00:14:02,139
LUCKILY, KITCHEN APPLIANCES
HAVE EVOLVED TO MAKE
301
00:14:02,141 --> 00:14:05,476
THE COOKING EXPERIENCE
MORE ENJOYABLE AND EASIER.
302
00:14:05,478 --> 00:14:07,612
BUT DID YOU KNOW
ONE KITCHEN INVENTION
303
00:14:07,614 --> 00:14:10,548
COMES FROM A MISHAP
DURING A SCIENCE EXPERIMENT
304
00:14:10,550 --> 00:14:14,885
AND IS LATER USED
BY A WORLD WAR II SPY?
305
00:14:14,887 --> 00:14:18,956
THIS IS THE AGA OVEN.
306
00:14:18,958 --> 00:14:21,025
THE AGA IS ONE
OF THE GREATEST REVOLUTIONS
307
00:14:21,027 --> 00:14:24,161
IN KITCHEN APPLIANCES
DURING THE 20th CENTURY.
308
00:14:24,163 --> 00:14:28,299
ITS INVENTOR, NOBEL PRIZE-WINNER
GUSTAF DáLEN, IS BLINDED IN 1912
309
00:14:28,301 --> 00:14:30,835
WHEN A PRESSURE TEST
GOES TRAGICALLY WRONG.
310
00:14:30,837 --> 00:14:32,636
AFTER THE ACCIDENT,
DáLEN UNDERGOES
311
00:14:32,638 --> 00:14:34,772
A LONG PERIOD
OF RECOVERY AT HOME
312
00:14:34,774 --> 00:14:37,241
WITH HIS WIFE BY HIS SIDE.
313
00:14:37,243 --> 00:14:40,111
HE REALIZES HOW EXHAUSTING
COOKING IS FOR HER.
314
00:14:40,113 --> 00:14:43,114
DESPITE HIS BLINDNESS,
HE RESOLVES TO DESIGN A STOVE
315
00:14:43,116 --> 00:14:44,582
THAT WILL MAKE THE JOB EASIER.
316
00:14:44,584 --> 00:14:47,118
HE ASKS HIS WIFE WHAT THE
PROBLEMS WERE IN THE HOUSEHOLD.
317
00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:48,653
AND SHE SAID, WELL, THE FACT
318
00:14:48,655 --> 00:14:50,521
SHE'S ALWAYS GOT TO TEND
TO THE RANGE COOKER.
319
00:14:50,523 --> 00:14:52,122
I MEAN, WORKING
ON A RANGE COOKER,
320
00:14:52,124 --> 00:14:54,725
EVEN IF YOU'RE DOING IT TODAY,
IT IS A FULL-TIME JOB.
321
00:14:54,727 --> 00:14:57,595
YOU HAVE TO KEEP IT
KIND OF FIRED WITH COAL.
322
00:14:57,597 --> 00:15:00,064
YOU HAVE TO WATCH
FOR TEMPERATURE CONSTANTLY.
323
00:15:00,066 --> 00:15:04,269
SO HE HAD BEEN WORKING
ON "RADIAL HEAT"
324
00:15:04,271 --> 00:15:07,138
AND CAME UP WITH THIS DESIGN
FOR AN OVEN
325
00:15:07,140 --> 00:15:08,939
WHICH WOULD CONTAIN THE HEAT,
326
00:15:08,941 --> 00:15:10,941
WHICH, ONCE THE HEAT WAS IN IT,
WOULD STAY THERE
327
00:15:10,943 --> 00:15:12,943
AND STAY AT AMBIENT
TEMPERATURES.
328
00:15:12,945 --> 00:15:14,812
SO THIS IS WHERE
THE AGA CAME FROM.
329
00:15:14,814 --> 00:15:18,149
IT WAS THE FIRST,
LIKE, RADIAL HEAT OVEN.
330
00:15:18,151 --> 00:15:20,417
Narrator: DáLEN DEVELOPS A UNIT
WITH TWO OVENS
331
00:15:20,419 --> 00:15:22,153
AND FOUR STOVE PLATES.
332
00:15:22,155 --> 00:15:26,024
THE AGA IS INVENTED.
333
00:15:26,026 --> 00:15:28,425
IT'S INTRODUCED IN ENGLAND
DURING THE 1930s
334
00:15:28,427 --> 00:15:32,897
UNDER AGA RAYBURN
AND STANLEY BRANDS.
335
00:15:32,899 --> 00:15:36,100
AT FIRST, PEOPLE USED CHARCOAL
FOR STEADY HEAT.
336
00:15:36,102 --> 00:15:38,035
AND SOON ENOUGH,
THE OVEN BECOMES POPULAR
337
00:15:38,037 --> 00:15:40,805
FOR ELITE HOUSEHOLDS
AT THE TIME.
338
00:15:40,807 --> 00:15:42,440
AND ITS CONNECTION
TO WORLD WAR II?
339
00:15:42,442 --> 00:15:45,576
MASTER ADVERTISER DAVID OGILVY
BEGINS SELLING AGAs
340
00:15:45,578 --> 00:15:46,911
DURING HIS EARLY 20s
341
00:15:46,913 --> 00:15:49,113
AND QUICKLY MAKES
QUITE A NAME FOR HIMSELF.
342
00:15:49,115 --> 00:15:50,648
WHEN WORLD WAR II BREAKS OUT,
343
00:15:50,650 --> 00:15:52,249
OGILVY FINDS HIMSELF WORKING
344
00:15:52,251 --> 00:15:54,052
FOR BRITISH INTELLIGENCE
IN THE U.S.
345
00:15:54,054 --> 00:15:55,853
AND IT'S THE FORMER
AGA SALESMAN'S
346
00:15:55,855 --> 00:15:58,189
GROUND-BREAKING RESEARCH
INTO HUMAN BEHAVIOR
347
00:15:58,191 --> 00:16:00,190
THAT IS ADOPTED BY ALLIED SPIES
348
00:16:00,192 --> 00:16:04,194
ALL OVER EUROPE DURING THE WAR.
349
00:16:04,196 --> 00:16:06,330
TODAY, THE AGA OVEN
IS STILL SEEN
350
00:16:06,332 --> 00:16:09,067
AS A SYMBOL OF STYLE
AND LUXURY EVERYWHERE.
351
00:16:09,069 --> 00:16:11,736
VERY FEW APPLIANCES
HAVE HAD THE SAME LASTING IMPACT
352
00:16:11,738 --> 00:16:13,337
ON THE WAY WE COOK.
353
00:16:13,339 --> 00:16:14,805
AND FOR THAT REASON ALONE,
354
00:16:14,807 --> 00:16:17,941
IT REALLY IS
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.
355
00:16:17,943 --> 00:16:20,812
♪♪
356
00:16:20,814 --> 00:16:23,013
BUT JUST HOW IS SUCH
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION
357
00:16:23,015 --> 00:16:24,748
LIKE THE AGA OVEN BUILT?
358
00:16:24,750 --> 00:16:26,784
FIND OUT WHEN WE RETURN.
359
00:16:40,633 --> 00:16:43,568
Narrator: AT THE COALBROOKDALE
FOUNDRY IN SHROPSHIRE, ENGLAND,
360
00:16:43,570 --> 00:16:45,436
THE PROCESS OF BUILDING THE AGA
361
00:16:45,438 --> 00:16:48,639
BEGINS WITH FULLY RECYCLED
AND RECLAIMED SCRAP IRON,
362
00:16:48,641 --> 00:16:51,375
SUCH THINGS AS BRAKE DISKS
AND CAST COLUMNS
363
00:16:51,377 --> 00:16:53,478
AND EVEN OLD AGAs THEMSELVES.
364
00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:56,180
THE SCRAP IS COLLECTED,
MIXED WITH ALLOY ELEMENTS,
365
00:16:56,182 --> 00:16:58,850
AND FED INTO THE FURNACE
WITH COAL FUEL
366
00:16:58,852 --> 00:17:03,921
TO REACH TEMPERATURES OF MORE
THAN 3,000 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
367
00:17:03,923 --> 00:17:07,925
THE FURNACE CAN MELT 5 TONS
OF CAST IRON PER HOUR.
368
00:17:07,927 --> 00:17:09,794
ONCE MELTED, THE MOLTEN IRON
369
00:17:09,796 --> 00:17:13,598
IS TAKEN TO TWO OF THE LINES
IN A CONTAINER OR LARGE LADLE.
370
00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:18,469
♪♪
371
00:17:18,471 --> 00:17:19,604
THE MOLTEN IRON INSIDE
372
00:17:19,606 --> 00:17:23,408
IS STILL AT A BLISTERING
2,500 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
373
00:17:25,745 --> 00:17:28,412
USING A MIXTURE
OF SAND, CLAY, AND WATER,
374
00:17:28,414 --> 00:17:31,615
THE MOLDING MACHINE CAN CREATE
MOLDS OF ANY OVEN PART,
375
00:17:31,617 --> 00:17:33,684
DOOR FRONT, OR TOP.
376
00:17:33,686 --> 00:17:36,087
♪♪
377
00:17:36,089 --> 00:17:38,422
THE MOLDING MACHINE
MAKES SAND MOLD NEGATIVES
378
00:17:38,424 --> 00:17:40,491
OF A PATTERN,
WHICH ARE THEN SPLIT IN HALF
379
00:17:40,493 --> 00:17:42,726
SO THAT WHEN THE TWO HALVES
ARE PUT TOGETHER,
380
00:17:42,728 --> 00:17:47,364
THEY CREATE A CAVITY FOR THE
MOLTEN METAL TO BE POURED INTO.
381
00:17:47,366 --> 00:17:48,832
THE TWO HALVES
ARE CLAMPED TOGETHER
382
00:17:48,834 --> 00:17:50,835
AND SENT ALONG
THE PRODUCTION LINE,
383
00:17:50,837 --> 00:17:52,236
WHERE THE MOLTEN METAL IS POURED
384
00:17:52,238 --> 00:17:54,438
BY AN AUTO-POUR FURNACE.
385
00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:56,640
♪♪
386
00:17:56,642 --> 00:17:58,109
ONCE THE MOLD HAS BEEN FILLED,
387
00:17:58,111 --> 00:17:59,910
IT IS MOVED ALONG
THE CONVEYOR BELT,
388
00:17:59,912 --> 00:18:03,514
WHERE THE METAL
INSIDE QUICKLY COOLS.
389
00:18:03,516 --> 00:18:04,782
ONCE COOLED SUFFICIENTLY,
390
00:18:04,784 --> 00:18:07,318
IT IS TIME TO RETRIEVE
THE CASTINGS.
391
00:18:09,655 --> 00:18:11,788
EACH MOLD IS SENT DOWN
THE VIBRATING GRID,
392
00:18:11,790 --> 00:18:16,660
BREAKING OPEN THE SAND MOLD,
AND THE CASTINGS ARE REVEALED.
393
00:18:16,662 --> 00:18:18,663
THEY ARE INSPECTED,
AND ANY REMAINING MOLD
394
00:18:18,665 --> 00:18:21,132
IS BROKEN OFF BY HAND,
THEN PLACED INTO BINS
395
00:18:21,134 --> 00:18:24,068
TO COOL DOWN FURTHER
TO ROOM TEMPERATURE.
396
00:18:24,070 --> 00:18:27,705
♪♪
397
00:18:27,707 --> 00:18:30,341
THE FRESH CASTINGS
ARE SENT TO A SHOT BLAST,
398
00:18:30,343 --> 00:18:32,610
WHERE STEEL SHOT IS FIRED
AT THE CASTINGS
399
00:18:32,612 --> 00:18:36,147
TO REMOVE ANY REMAINING
SAND PARTICLES.
400
00:18:36,149 --> 00:18:39,617
THE BRAND-NEW OVEN PARTS
ARE SENT TO A WORKSHOP ON-SITE.
401
00:18:39,619 --> 00:18:42,019
THERE, USING HAND-HELD
AND PEDESTAL GRINDERS,
402
00:18:42,021 --> 00:18:44,489
WORKERS REMOVE ANY BLEMISHES
AND ROUGH EDGES
403
00:18:44,491 --> 00:18:47,558
TO GIVE THE OVEN PARTS
A NICE, SMOOTH FINISH.
404
00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:51,696
♪♪
405
00:18:51,698 --> 00:18:54,632
THE FINISHED PARTS ARE THEN SENT
TO THE TELFORD FACTORY,
406
00:18:54,634 --> 00:18:55,832
WHERE THEY ARE PREPARED
407
00:18:55,834 --> 00:18:58,703
FOR AGA's FAMOUS
ENAMEL FINISH AND ASSEMBLY.
408
00:19:00,907 --> 00:19:02,372
THE CAST-IRON PARTS ARE COATED
409
00:19:02,374 --> 00:19:05,309
WITH A PRIMARY UNDERCOAT
AND TRANSPARENT ENAMEL,
410
00:19:05,311 --> 00:19:07,845
WHICH WILL PROTECT
THE PIECES IN THE FURNACE.
411
00:19:07,847 --> 00:19:10,581
ENAMEL IS MADE UP
OF TINY PARTICLES OF GLASS
412
00:19:10,583 --> 00:19:12,716
AND IS SPRAYED
ONTO THE CAST IRON.
413
00:19:12,718 --> 00:19:16,154
IT IS THEN BAKED IN A FURNACE
UNTIL IT IS RED-HOT.
414
00:19:18,524 --> 00:19:22,125
THIS FUSES THE ENAMEL
ONTO THE CAST IRON,
415
00:19:22,127 --> 00:19:24,395
A PROCESS THAT IS
REPEATED THREE TIMES
416
00:19:24,397 --> 00:19:26,864
TO PRODUCE A SMOOTH,
HIGH-GLOSS FINISH,
417
00:19:26,866 --> 00:19:30,067
WHICH IS VERY EASY
TO KEEP CLEAN.
418
00:19:30,069 --> 00:19:32,136
THE DOOR PARTS AND TOPS
ARE ALL COLOR-MATCHED
419
00:19:32,138 --> 00:19:35,273
FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL MODULE.
420
00:19:35,275 --> 00:19:38,475
NEXT, IT IS ON
TO THE ASSEMBLY LINE.
421
00:19:38,477 --> 00:19:40,611
THE FINISHED OVEN PARTS
ARE BOLTED TOGETHER.
422
00:19:40,613 --> 00:19:43,080
AND HEAT-PROOF SEALANT
IS USED TO LINE THE EDGES
423
00:19:43,082 --> 00:19:44,681
OF EACH COMPONENT.
424
00:19:44,683 --> 00:19:48,418
♪♪
425
00:19:48,420 --> 00:19:50,087
THE OVEN STARTS TO TAKE SHAPE
426
00:19:50,089 --> 00:19:54,024
AS ALL THE UNITS
ARE FITTED INTO PLACE.
427
00:19:54,026 --> 00:19:56,560
THE TWO HOT PLATES, WHICH SIT
AT THE TOP OF THE OVEN,
428
00:19:56,562 --> 00:19:58,428
ARE FITTED
WITH INSULATED CAST IRON
429
00:19:58,430 --> 00:20:00,231
AND CHROME LIDS
TO STOP THE WARMTH
430
00:20:00,233 --> 00:20:04,368
FROM ESCAPING THE COOKER
WHEN NOT IN USE.
431
00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:06,370
THE HEATING ELEMENTS,
GAS OR ELECTRIC,
432
00:20:06,372 --> 00:20:10,374
ARE FIXED ON THE INSIDE.
433
00:20:10,376 --> 00:20:13,043
THE OVENS ARE THEN
INSULATED WITH SILICATE WOOL
434
00:20:13,045 --> 00:20:15,513
BEFORE THE ENAMELED
OUTER SHELL IS FITTED.
435
00:20:18,451 --> 00:20:20,918
AND FINALLY, THE FAMOUS
ENAMEL DOORS ARE ADDED
436
00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:23,053
TO COMPLETE THE OVEN
BEFORE IT IS INSPECTED
437
00:20:23,055 --> 00:20:26,657
AND TESTED PRIOR TO PACKAGING
AND SENT OFF TO THE CUSTOMER.
438
00:20:28,994 --> 00:20:32,496
THE AGA OVEN,
A REAL INCREDIBLE INVENTION.
439
00:20:35,935 --> 00:20:38,936
SO THERE YOU HAVE IT -- A GLANCE
THROUGH THE HIDDEN HISTORY
440
00:20:38,938 --> 00:20:41,338
AND SUPER SCIENCE
OF SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS
441
00:20:41,340 --> 00:20:44,341
WE USE EVERY DAY -- THE GLIDER,
442
00:20:44,343 --> 00:20:47,611
SUPER GLUE, AND THE AGA OVEN.
443
00:20:47,613 --> 00:20:49,480
THEY MAY SEEM
COMMON AND ORDINARY.
444
00:20:49,482 --> 00:20:51,815
HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS
HELPED CHANGE THE WORLD
445
00:20:51,817 --> 00:20:54,752
ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION
AT A TIME.